Clan Cumming Society
of the
United States

A Short History of Clan Cumming
Copyright © Father Scott Archer - 2013

     Like many of the families that came to power under King David I of Scotland, the Comyn clan is undoubtedly of Norman origin. The surname is a place-name derived from Comines, near Lille, in France.1 The Comyn who established the family in Scotland was Richard Comyn, the nephew of William Comyn, chancellor to King Henry I of England. A later descendant was William Comyn, who married Marjory, Countess of Buchan. William's mother was Hextilda, the granddaughter of King Donald Bane of Scotland. His son, Walter Comyn, acquired the lordship of Badenoch, which then passed to his nephew, the first John Comyn. This John, the first to be known as the Red Comyn, was a descendant of William, Earl of Buchan, by his first wife, Sarah Fiz Hugh.

     The son of the first John Comyn was John Comyn, Lord of Badenoch, known as the Black Comyn. He was a claimant of the crown of Scotland based on his descent from King Donald Bane. Following the death of King Alexander III, John Comyn was made one of six Guardians of Scotland, 1286.         They were to act as regents for the young Margaret of

Norway, heir to the Scottish throne; however, she died en route to Scotland.  This created a crisis that demanded the intervention of King Edward I of England; he was to decide who had  the best claim to the throne.  The English king decided, correctly, in favor of John Balliol, the brother-in-law of John Comyn.  John had married Eleanor Balliol between 1270 and 1283.2  John Balliol was crowned in  1292.

 

     The son of the Black Comyn was John, known as the Red Comyn. This John Comyn was not only a  descendant of King Donald Bane, but he also had a claim to the throne based on his descent from King David  I. His maternal grandmother was Devorguilla of Galloway. Her mother was Margaret of Huntingdon, the  elder sister of the Isabella of Huntingdon through whom Robert Bruce made his claim. John Comyn was  married to Joan de Valence. King John and the Comyns were forced into rebellion against King Edward by a  succession of indignities for the king and Scotland.

 

     King Edward I had summoned John Balliol before him in England and demanded, using his alleged authority  as lord superior of the kingdom of Scotland, that he provide an army of men to help in the English war  against France; however, King John refused. To King Edward, John declared that he alone was the king of  Scotland and would answer only to his people. He went back to Scotland and set up an alliance with the  French. He, in effect, had declared war on England. King Edward responded to the Scottish revolt by seizing  all of King John's estates in England; following upon this, he amassed an English army just south of the  Scottish border.3

 

     In the first Scottish offensive in the struggle against King Edward, the Red Comyn, along with John Comyn,  Earl of Buchan, and six other earls, attacked Carlisle Castle on March 26, 1296.4  Robert Bruce, the future  king of Scotland, and his father, 6th Lord of Annandale, had earlier crossed the border into England in order  to pay homage to King Edward. The Bruces promised to "serve him well and loyally against all mortal men"  on March 24, 1296.5  King Edward placed the defense of Carlisle Castle in the hands of the Lord of  Annandale. The Scots attacked Carlisle Castle from Annandale; but Robert, 6th Lord of Annandale, repelled  the Scots. The English army, led by King Edward, was at Berwick by March 30, 1296. At the close of the  assault on Berwick, by some accounts, 11,000 men and women had been killed.6  This Scottish rebellion was  crushed at Dunbar, April 27, 1296, when the Scottish army of 40,000 faced the English army, led by John de  Warrene. The Scots were trying to relieve the siege of the town but were defeated; and those within Dunbar  Castle were forced to surrender. An estimated 10,000 Scots were killed at Dunbar during this bloody  confrontation.7 Those captured at Dunbar were John Comyn, son and heir of the Black Comyn, Robert  Comyn, brother of the Black Comyn, and Alexander Comyn, another brother. They were sent to England as  prisoners. John Balliol, John, Lord of Badenoch, and John Comyn, Earl of Buchan, came to seek King  Edward's mercy at Montrose between July 8 and 10, 1297. They too were sent to England as prisoners.

 

     The Scots in prison in England were promised their freedom if they would serve King Edward in his  campaign in Flanders.8 The Red Comyn did, in fact, serve King Edward in Flanders after the former had  promised to serve him overseas.9 In early June 1297, King Edward released John Comyn, Lord of Badenoch  and John Comyn, Earl of Buchan. King John Balliol was released from the Tower of London and was exiled to  France, 1299, where he died, 1313.

 

     By 1298, new guardians had been selected. One was Robert Bruce; the other was John Comyn, heir to the  lordship of Badenoch. Eventually, Bruce resigned and John de Soules replaced him in February of 1302.  When John de Soules went to France, John Comyn became the sole guardian in the fall of 1302.

 

     John Comyn, the most powerful political and military leader in Scotland from 1302 to 1304, led the Scottish  army against the English in the battle of Roslin, February 23, 1303. John's army of 8,000 men faced the  English army of 30,000 well-trained soldiers. Although greatly outnumbered, the English were defeated by John Comyn and the Scottish army. In retaliation, King Edward marched another army into Scotland and  took Lochindorb Castle, the castle in which the Black Comyn died about 1303. Support for Scottish resistance  was lacking, however, as important Comyn allies had come to terms with King Edward. John Comyn was  forced into negotiations with King Edward in the autumn of 1303; he submitted to King Edward at Strathord  on February 9, 1304. John Comyn insisted that all Scottish laws and customs should be kept as they were in  the days of King Alexander III.10

 

     A meeting between John Comyn, Lord of Badenoch, and Robert Bruce in the church of the Grey Friars,  Dumfries, resulted in the murder of the Comyn chief on February 10, 1306. Why this all came about is a  matter of dispute. Although John Comyn had the better claim to the throne than Robert Bruce, one account  states that an agreement had been made whereby John would receive Bruce's Scottish lands in return for  supporting Bruce's claim to the Scottish crown. In this account, the Red Comyn betrays Bruce to King  Edward of England. Another version is that the plan was all Bruce's idea. He knew that he would have to gain  the support of the Comyn chief if he wanted to assume the crown of Scotland. John Comyn agreed to meet  with Bruce in the church to hear of this plan; however, he was outraged at the thought of betraying the  English king by resuming war against him.11  No one is certain what really took place next at the high altar of  the church, but both English and Scottish traditions support the theory that the murder took place in two  stages. Robert Bruce stabbed the Red Comyn at the high altar of the Franciscan church in Dumfries and his  companions are said to have finished the job.12  Sir Robert Comyn, uncle to the Comyn chief, while rushing to  the defense of his nephew, was also killed. Bruce's coronation at Scone followed quickly upon the death of  John Comyn. For his part in the murder, Robert Bruce was excommunicated by Pope Clement V; it was  lifted by Pope John XXII, 1329.

 

     John Comyn, son of the murdered Comyn chief, was killed while leading his clan against Robert Bruce in the  Battle of Bannockburn. Any hopes of the lords of Badenoch returning to power were crushed on that field of  battle. His son, the last male Comyn in the Badenoch line, was Adomar. He died just two years after his  father.13

 

     Following the victory at Bannockburn, the power of the Badenoch and Buchan Comyns came to an end. The  Comyns became a warring clan among the clans; for example, there was a continuous feud with Clan  MacIntosh. It was the Comyn clan that attempted to drown out the MacIntosh clan by raising the waters  around their island castle in Loch Moy. Clan MacIntosh, however, broke the damn and the floodwaters  descended upon the Comyns. The lands of Badenoch, once the center of Comyn power in the Highlands, were  given to Clan Macpherson for supporting Robert Bruce against the Comyns.14

 

     In Scotland, the Comyns of Altyre continued to thrive. This family had been given grants of land by King  David II of Scotland and King Robert II of Scotland. They survived as a Highland clan in Morayshire beyond  the Jacobite period.15 The chief of Clan Cumming, as the name came to be spelled, is Sir Alexander  (Alastair) Gordon Cumming, baronet of Altyre. He is a descendant of the knight who died with his clan chief;  that knight was Sir Robert Comyn, the fourth son of the first John Comyn, Lord of Badenoch, who died after  1273.

 

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